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The data were assessed using the World Health Organization's Housing and Health guideline for minimum indoor temperature (18 °C), which provides an internationally recognised benchmark for defining cold in homes. Across the sampled homes, 81 % were below 18 °C on average across the whole of winter (June–August 2022). Average winter indoor temperatures were 16.5 ± 2.7 °C across all homes, with no significant difference between locations.

The best heating element for an electrically heated table - and the one I am using in this manual - is carbon or infrared heating film. These very thin heating foils are primarily meant for electric floor and wall heating in buildings and vehicles, for protecting batteries or water tanks against the cold, or for warming beehives and terrariums. Infrared heating films are low-temperature, large-surface heaters, so there’s no risk of burns or fire through direct contact with skin or clothes. They are meant to operate at a maximum temperature of 40-45°C (104-113°F).